Leopold's Maneuver

首先讓媽媽頭一點點抬高，膝蓋微微的彎曲，接著用四個步驟來看看到底胎兒在媽媽子宮裡的胎位如何。

a.面對媽媽摸宮底的位置，確認是頭還是屁股。
b.輪流摸肚子兩側看看背部跟四肢的位置。背部通常是一片平坦，四肢的話會有不規則的小突起。
c.於恥骨聯合上方觸診，以定位胎兒的先露部(presentin part)。
d.此時要背對母親，面對媽媽的腳。從子宮往恥骨聯合方向觸摸看何處是額頭(cephalic prominence)。



現代因為超音波進步，我想應該沒什麼機會用這個技術，不過在臨床上還是有可能被問到，至少還是能說出個大概才好。

kerley's line A B C

Kerley’s A lines (arrows) are linear opacities extending from the periphery to the hila; they are caused by distention of anastomotic channels between peripheral and central lymphatics.
Kerley’s B lines (white arrowheads) are short horizontal lines situated perpendicularly to the pleural surface at the lung base; they represent edema of the interlobular septa. 
Kerley’s C lines (black arrowheads) are reticular opacities at the lung base, representing Kerley’s B lines en face. 

These radiologic signs and physical findings suggest cardiogenic pulmonary edema. 

2010 ADA DM criteria

x-ray notes

胸部X光判讀(CXR reading)的原則與順序

•字母記法

–A (airway, aorta)

–B (bones, breasts, bronchus)

–C (cardiac)

–D (diaphragm)

–E (esophagus)

–F (fissure)

–G (gastric)

–H (hilum)

–I (inominate artery/vein)

–J (jugular artery/vein)

–K (kerley lines)

–L (lungs)

–M (mediastinum)

–N (neck)